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Kant has also emphasized over systematic analysis and that was basically in General Geography. Kant’s work was to promote Spatial Geography. Kant has given more stress on Special Geography and this is obvious when he divided geography into 5 branches such as – Generalized study of Mountains, Plains, etc) and Special Geography (e.g. Varenius divided Geography into General Geography (e.g. Right from the days of Varenius, there has been a tendency to divide geography into 2 types of Subject Matter. Historical Perspective of Dichotomy and Dualism Environmental Philosophy has been governed by dualistic thinking and dichotomous perception – as a result, several dualistic ideologies have emerged in the field of geographical learning.It means two parallel ideas having the same goal but mutually distinctive Dualism is the hallmark of social philosophy and environmental thinking.
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The dichotomy is the contrast or difference between two ideas, connoting division in the subject matter, while Dualism means Two aspects for a same subject, and Dualism is the concept of debate on a particular subject matter.These terms are used interchangeably but they have different meaning and perspectives.Modern Geography has inherited right from the beginning, the concepts of dichotomy and dualism.In Geography, it was a debate of Physical geography or Human Geography, Methodologies to be adopted, etc.Whenever any subject evolves as a discipline, there are debates and discussions that take place and various scholars present their views on different interpretations, approaches, etc.Over time the divisions have been further sub-divided into different sub-disciplines. It was in the post-Renaissance period that geography witnessed the evident rise of dualism and since then, the subject has been branched off into several exclusive domains on methodological grounds. However, such dualisms were very equivocal and abstruse. Greek scholars like Aristotle, Herodotus, or Hecataeus emphasized on physical geography Roman scholars like Strabo insisted on regional geography while Ptolemy stressed on mathematical geography and, the Arab scholars like Al-Masudi, Al-Biruni, or AlIdrisi highlighted on the importance of the physical environment. Such a sort of dualism was prevalent even in the classical or medieval periods of geographical history. For any domain of knowledge, therefore, it means two conceptually contrasted stances.ĭualism finally leads to ‘dichotomy’ which means the bifurcation of any subject into branches of knowledge.Įver since its inception as a domain of knowledge, geography has been encountered several methodological issues that eventually gave birth to several dualisms and dichotomies in the subject. same subject exist in two different forms). The word ‘ dualism’ simply connotes the state of being divided (i.e.
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